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Tuesday, August 19, 2008
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/bacterial-pneumonia-caused-most-deaths-1918-influenza-pandemic
Bacterial Pneumonia Caused Most Deaths in 1918 Influenza Pandemic
Implications for Future Pandemic Planning
The majority of deaths during the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 were not caused by the influenza virus acting alone, report researchers from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health. Instead, most victims succumbed to bacterial pneumonia following influenza virus infection. The pneumonia was caused when bacteria that normally inhabit the nose and throat invaded the lungs along a pathway created when the virus destroyed the cells that line the bronchial tubes and lungs.
A future influenza pandemic may unfold in a similar manner, say the NIAID authors, whose paper in the Oct. 1 issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases is now available online. Therefore, the authors conclude, comprehensive pandemic preparations should include not only efforts to produce new or improved influenza vaccines and antiviral drugs but also provisions to stockpile antibiotics and bacterial vaccines as well.
The work presents complementary lines of evidence from the fields of pathology and history of medicine to support this conclusion. "The weight of evidence we examined from both historical and modern analyses of the 1918 influenza pandemic favors a scenario in which viral damage followed by bacterial pneumonia led to the vast majority of deaths," says co-author NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "In essence, the virus landed the first blow while bacteria delivered the knockout punch."
NIAID co-author and pathologist Jeffery Taubenberger, M.D., Ph.D., examined lung tissue samples from 58 soldiers who died of influenza at various U. S. military bases in 1918 and 1919. The samples, preserved in paraffin blocks, were re-cut and stained to allow microscopic evaluation. Examination revealed a spectrum of tissue damage "ranging from changes characteristic of the primary viral pneumonia and evidence of tissue repair to evidence of severe, acute, secondary bacterial pneumonia," says Dr. Taubenberger. In most cases, he adds, the predominant disease at the time of death appeared to have been bacterial pneumonia. There also was evidence that the virus destroyed the cells lining the bronchial tubes, including cells with protective hair-like projections, or cilia. This loss made other kinds of cells throughout the entire respiratory tract — including cells deep in the lungs — vulnerable to attack by bacteria that migrated down the newly created pathway from the nose and throat.
In a quest to obtain all scientific publications reporting on the pathology and bacteriology of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic, Dr. Taubenberger and NIAID co-author David Morens, M.D., searched bibliography sources for papers in any language. They also reviewed scientific and medical journals published in English, French and German, and located all papers reporting on autopsies conducted on influenza victims. From a pool of more than 2,000 publications that appeared between 1919 and 1929, the researchers identified 118 key autopsy series reports. In total, the autopsy series they reviewed represented 8,398 individual autopsies conducted in 15 countries.
The published reports "clearly and consistently implicated secondary bacterial pneumonia caused by common upper respiratory flora in most influenza fatalities," says Dr. Morens. Pathologists of the time, he adds, were nearly unanimous in the conviction that deaths were not caused directly by the then-unidentified influenza virus, but rather resulted from severe secondary pneumonia caused by various bacteria. Absent the secondary bacterial infections, many patients might have survived, experts at the time believed. Indeed, the availability of antibiotics during the other influenza pandemics of the 20th century, specifically those of 1957 and 1968, was probably a key factor in the lower number of worldwide deaths during those outbreaks, notes Dr. Morens.
The cause and timing of the next influenza pandemic cannot be predicted with certainty, the authors acknowledge, nor can the virulence of the pandemic influenza virus strain. However, it is possible that — as in 1918 — a similar pattern of viral damage followed by bacterial invasion could unfold, say the authors. Preparations for diagnosing, treating and preventing bacterial pneumonia should be among highest priorities in influenza pandemic planning, they write. "We are encouraged by the fact that pandemic planners are already considering and implementing some of these actions," says Dr. Fauci.
Visit http://www.PandemicFlu.gov(link is external) for one-stop access to U.S. Government information on avian and pandemic flu.
NIAID conducts and supports research — at NIH, throughout the United States, and worldwide — to study the causes of infectious and immune-mediated diseases, and to develop better means of preventing, diagnosing and treating these illnesses. News releases, fact sheets and other NIAID-related materials are available on the NIAID Web site at http://www.niaid.nih.gov.
About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.
NIH…Turning Discovery Into Health®
Reference
DM Morens et al. Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: Implications for pandemic influenza preparedness. The Journal of Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1086/591708 (2008).
----
CITY, Texas - "This is an experience of a lifetime," said Dr. Robin Armstrong. "This is something we will probably never experience again."
Dr. Armstrong and others at the Resort at Texas City Nursing home knew time wasn't on their side.2q1
https://www.fox7austin.com/news/fox-26-gets-unprecedented-access-to-texas-1st-nursing-home-to-treat-covid-19-with-hydroxychloroquine?fbclid=IwAR3A4joCHVUxizFy4nkp7vn2CvnuMkXlvP3UbOywCuHLt632mrPr6Alntb0
== Blood tests ==
Biomerica Signs Two Definitive Agreements with Mount Sinai Medical School in New York to Scale-up a Laboratory Version Serological Test for COVID-19 That Enables High-Volume Screenings in Labs
Published: April 2, 2020 at 8:38 a.m. ET
'''Biomerica Working With N.Y. Medical School on COVID-19 Antibody Test'''
Zackary Irani, chairman and CEO, stated, “If person has already been infected with SARS-CoV-2, they develop antibodies through an immune response that should give them immunity. The entire Biomerica team is working tirelessly to make our low-cost tests available to the hundreds of requests we have received. At the same time, we still remaining committed to our strategy of growing our colorectal disease detection product EZ Detect, and finalizing clinical trials and gaining FDA approval for our HP Detect H. Pylori test and our InFoods IBS diagnostic-guided therapy product.”
https://www.mpo-mag.com/contents/view_breaking-news/2020-04-02/biomerica-working-with-ny-medical-school-on-covid-19-antibody-test/
----
'''Currently, the FDA maintains a [https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/emergency-situations-medical-devices/faqs-diagnostic-testing-sars-cov-2 public list]''' of nearly 50 other serological test manufacturers, the majority based in China, that have notified the agency of their plans to distribute their products in the U.S. without seeking an Emergency Use Authorization.
That list includes BioMedomics, which has [https://www.fiercebiotech.com/medtech/bd-to-offer-fingerstick-antibody-blood-test-for-covid-19 announced plans] with medtech giant BD and medical supply company Henry Schein to distribute their fingerprick-based version on a large scale. It does not include Hangzhou, China-based Safecare Bio-Tech, maker of tests set to be distributed by BodySphere, which earlier this week incorrectly claimed to have received an FDA authorization.
== April 12, 2020 ==
It is the time of year where people shift their thoughts towards God and all He has done for us.
Can we include in those thought this marvelous miracle He gave to each of us we call the human body? Our bodies have a complex, built-in pharmaceutical laboratory capable of identifying disease, formulating a targeted response, and implementing a healing plan in a matter of hours, rather than taking many months and costing hundreds of millions of dollars. And they have been naturally fulfilling this function for millennia.
A study done at Oxford University, and duplicated at Mt. Sinai Hospital in Queens reveals that, while being an extremely contagious and quickly spreading disease, COVID-19 manifests asymptomatically (no symptoms) in over half the population, and has symptoms so mild in many cases that those infected do not notice or seek medical attention. The Oxford study posits that half of the population in the UK have already had the coronavirus and recovered from it. That is 33+ Million people who likely did not even know they had contracted the disease, or spent a couple weeks at home resting to recover! Perhaps you, or someone you know has mentioned they have already had it. And all those who have recovered have lifetime immunity to it.
Using these numbers to do the math casts a much different profile on the nature of the outbreak and opens new possibilities for society to react to it.
Please do not think that I am trivializing the dangers associated with this disease. It has proven to be extremely deadly to those who having compromised immune systems like the elderly or those with pre-existing maladies or weaknesses. Those people should rightly take great care, self-quarantine and exercise necessary measures to strengthen their immune systems. Every death is tragic. I know people who have recovered, and I know people who have died from it. How will this epidemic compare to the seasonal flu? Or nearly 70,000 (US) dying from drug overdoses. Or the 300,000 (US) who yearly die of obesity? Or the 640,000 (US) dying of heart disease? Or the nearly 2 million dying of tuberculosis? Where is the media coverage of those? How many suicides and cases of depression will come from those who have lost their jobs or businesses due to this economic shutdown?
Facebook asked what was on my mind, so there you have it. I have faith in this miraculous body I have been given, and the God who gave it to me. Let’s all use reason. The truth, whatever it is, will set you free.
To see more details on our research into these studies and other aspects of this coronavirus outbreak, you can visit: [[coronavirus]]





Latest revision as of 15:18, 26 October 2020



Tuesday, August 19, 2008 https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/bacterial-pneumonia-caused-most-deaths-1918-influenza-pandemic Bacterial Pneumonia Caused Most Deaths in 1918 Influenza Pandemic

Implications for Future Pandemic Planning

The majority of deaths during the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 were not caused by the influenza virus acting alone, report researchers from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health. Instead, most victims succumbed to bacterial pneumonia following influenza virus infection. The pneumonia was caused when bacteria that normally inhabit the nose and throat invaded the lungs along a pathway created when the virus destroyed the cells that line the bronchial tubes and lungs.

A future influenza pandemic may unfold in a similar manner, say the NIAID authors, whose paper in the Oct. 1 issue of The Journal of Infectious Diseases is now available online. Therefore, the authors conclude, comprehensive pandemic preparations should include not only efforts to produce new or improved influenza vaccines and antiviral drugs but also provisions to stockpile antibiotics and bacterial vaccines as well.

The work presents complementary lines of evidence from the fields of pathology and history of medicine to support this conclusion. "The weight of evidence we examined from both historical and modern analyses of the 1918 influenza pandemic favors a scenario in which viral damage followed by bacterial pneumonia led to the vast majority of deaths," says co-author NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "In essence, the virus landed the first blow while bacteria delivered the knockout punch."

NIAID co-author and pathologist Jeffery Taubenberger, M.D., Ph.D., examined lung tissue samples from 58 soldiers who died of influenza at various U. S. military bases in 1918 and 1919. The samples, preserved in paraffin blocks, were re-cut and stained to allow microscopic evaluation. Examination revealed a spectrum of tissue damage "ranging from changes characteristic of the primary viral pneumonia and evidence of tissue repair to evidence of severe, acute, secondary bacterial pneumonia," says Dr. Taubenberger. In most cases, he adds, the predominant disease at the time of death appeared to have been bacterial pneumonia. There also was evidence that the virus destroyed the cells lining the bronchial tubes, including cells with protective hair-like projections, or cilia. This loss made other kinds of cells throughout the entire respiratory tract — including cells deep in the lungs — vulnerable to attack by bacteria that migrated down the newly created pathway from the nose and throat.

In a quest to obtain all scientific publications reporting on the pathology and bacteriology of the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic, Dr. Taubenberger and NIAID co-author David Morens, M.D., searched bibliography sources for papers in any language. They also reviewed scientific and medical journals published in English, French and German, and located all papers reporting on autopsies conducted on influenza victims. From a pool of more than 2,000 publications that appeared between 1919 and 1929, the researchers identified 118 key autopsy series reports. In total, the autopsy series they reviewed represented 8,398 individual autopsies conducted in 15 countries.

The published reports "clearly and consistently implicated secondary bacterial pneumonia caused by common upper respiratory flora in most influenza fatalities," says Dr. Morens. Pathologists of the time, he adds, were nearly unanimous in the conviction that deaths were not caused directly by the then-unidentified influenza virus, but rather resulted from severe secondary pneumonia caused by various bacteria. Absent the secondary bacterial infections, many patients might have survived, experts at the time believed. Indeed, the availability of antibiotics during the other influenza pandemics of the 20th century, specifically those of 1957 and 1968, was probably a key factor in the lower number of worldwide deaths during those outbreaks, notes Dr. Morens.

The cause and timing of the next influenza pandemic cannot be predicted with certainty, the authors acknowledge, nor can the virulence of the pandemic influenza virus strain. However, it is possible that — as in 1918 — a similar pattern of viral damage followed by bacterial invasion could unfold, say the authors. Preparations for diagnosing, treating and preventing bacterial pneumonia should be among highest priorities in influenza pandemic planning, they write. "We are encouraged by the fact that pandemic planners are already considering and implementing some of these actions," says Dr. Fauci.

Visit http://www.PandemicFlu.gov(link is external) for one-stop access to U.S. Government information on avian and pandemic flu.

NIAID conducts and supports research — at NIH, throughout the United States, and worldwide — to study the causes of infectious and immune-mediated diseases, and to develop better means of preventing, diagnosing and treating these illnesses. News releases, fact sheets and other NIAID-related materials are available on the NIAID Web site at http://www.niaid.nih.gov.

About the National Institutes of Health (NIH): NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visit www.nih.gov.

NIH…Turning Discovery Into Health® Reference

DM Morens et al. Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: Implications for pandemic influenza preparedness. The Journal of Infectious Diseases DOI: 10.1086/591708 (2008).



CITY, Texas - "This is an experience of a lifetime," said Dr. Robin Armstrong. "This is something we will probably never experience again."

Dr. Armstrong and others at the Resort at Texas City Nursing home knew time wasn't on their side.2q1

https://www.fox7austin.com/news/fox-26-gets-unprecedented-access-to-texas-1st-nursing-home-to-treat-covid-19-with-hydroxychloroquine?fbclid=IwAR3A4joCHVUxizFy4nkp7vn2CvnuMkXlvP3UbOywCuHLt632mrPr6Alntb0



Blood tests

Biomerica Signs Two Definitive Agreements with Mount Sinai Medical School in New York to Scale-up a Laboratory Version Serological Test for COVID-19 That Enables High-Volume Screenings in Labs Published: April 2, 2020 at 8:38 a.m. ET

Biomerica Working With N.Y. Medical School on COVID-19 Antibody Test

Zackary Irani, chairman and CEO, stated, “If person has already been infected with SARS-CoV-2, they develop antibodies through an immune response that should give them immunity. The entire Biomerica team is working tirelessly to make our low-cost tests available to the hundreds of requests we have received. At the same time, we still remaining committed to our strategy of growing our colorectal disease detection product EZ Detect, and finalizing clinical trials and gaining FDA approval for our HP Detect H. Pylori test and our InFoods IBS diagnostic-guided therapy product.” https://www.mpo-mag.com/contents/view_breaking-news/2020-04-02/biomerica-working-with-ny-medical-school-on-covid-19-antibody-test/



Currently, the FDA maintains a public list of nearly 50 other serological test manufacturers, the majority based in China, that have notified the agency of their plans to distribute their products in the U.S. without seeking an Emergency Use Authorization.

That list includes BioMedomics, which has announced plans with medtech giant BD and medical supply company Henry Schein to distribute their fingerprick-based version on a large scale. It does not include Hangzhou, China-based Safecare Bio-Tech, maker of tests set to be distributed by BodySphere, which earlier this week incorrectly claimed to have received an FDA authorization.

April 12, 2020

It is the time of year where people shift their thoughts towards God and all He has done for us.

Can we include in those thought this marvelous miracle He gave to each of us we call the human body? Our bodies have a complex, built-in pharmaceutical laboratory capable of identifying disease, formulating a targeted response, and implementing a healing plan in a matter of hours, rather than taking many months and costing hundreds of millions of dollars. And they have been naturally fulfilling this function for millennia.

A study done at Oxford University, and duplicated at Mt. Sinai Hospital in Queens reveals that, while being an extremely contagious and quickly spreading disease, COVID-19 manifests asymptomatically (no symptoms) in over half the population, and has symptoms so mild in many cases that those infected do not notice or seek medical attention. The Oxford study posits that half of the population in the UK have already had the coronavirus and recovered from it. That is 33+ Million people who likely did not even know they had contracted the disease, or spent a couple weeks at home resting to recover! Perhaps you, or someone you know has mentioned they have already had it. And all those who have recovered have lifetime immunity to it.

Using these numbers to do the math casts a much different profile on the nature of the outbreak and opens new possibilities for society to react to it.

Please do not think that I am trivializing the dangers associated with this disease. It has proven to be extremely deadly to those who having compromised immune systems like the elderly or those with pre-existing maladies or weaknesses. Those people should rightly take great care, self-quarantine and exercise necessary measures to strengthen their immune systems. Every death is tragic. I know people who have recovered, and I know people who have died from it. How will this epidemic compare to the seasonal flu? Or nearly 70,000 (US) dying from drug overdoses. Or the 300,000 (US) who yearly die of obesity? Or the 640,000 (US) dying of heart disease? Or the nearly 2 million dying of tuberculosis? Where is the media coverage of those? How many suicides and cases of depression will come from those who have lost their jobs or businesses due to this economic shutdown?

Facebook asked what was on my mind, so there you have it. I have faith in this miraculous body I have been given, and the God who gave it to me. Let’s all use reason. The truth, whatever it is, will set you free.

To see more details on our research into these studies and other aspects of this coronavirus outbreak, you can visit: coronavirus


Perspectives on the Pandemic Part 1

March 26, 2020. Perspectives on the Pandemic - Dr. John Ioannidis of Stanford University. Early estimates were not validated at the time. Many people are not showing systems and so the death rate is lower than the common flu.

Diamond Princess cruise mean age was 65 which gives a rate of death as low as 0.1% for the general population. Not the plague numbers the media hype has used to panic the population. Explains Italy's high numbers at 17 minutes. 25 minutes warns that the lockdown may cause billions of deaths. 34 minutes in he says this flue is showing little or no difference than any other year. 39 minutes The panic caused by media is making it worse. 43:50 Warns that a rush to get solutions may cause greater damage including the quick production of a vaccine. 49 minutes Closing schools may be causing more harm than good. 53 minutes Bias from the wrong conclusion and inadequate data. A pandemic of media coverage. 59 minutes do not want to destroy lives economically. - Episode 1 Time 1:02:46


Perspectives on the Pandemic Part 2

Perspectives on the Pandemic Episode 2: In this explosive second edition of Perspectives on the Pandemic, Professor Knut Wittkowski, for twenty years head of The Rockefeller University's Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Research Design, says that social distancing and lockdown is the absolutely worst way to deal with an airborne respiratory virus.

Further, he offers data to show that China and South Korea had already reached their peak number of cases when they instituted their containment measures. In other words, nature had already achieved, or nearly achieved, herd immunity. Episode one Time 41:30




Professors Push Back On Pandemic Models

Professors Push Back On Pandemic Models: Be Honest About What Happens After Lockdowns Are Lifted By James Barrett DailyWire.com MARCH 31ST, 2020 https://www.dailywire.com/news/professors-push-back-on-pandemic-models-be-honest-about-what-happens-after-lockdowns-are-lifted?utm_source=facebook&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=benshapiro