Kosmos

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What world?

"Ancient texts require ancient dictionaries."

When people try to talk about the kingdom of God being a real system or way of righteousness many modern Christians respond with the "kingdom of God is not of this world" as if the kingdom is not on the planet?

When Jesus told Pontius Pilate, who was about to sit in the judgment seat,[1] that His Kingdom was not of the “world” we see one of five different Greek words found in the New Testament which have all been translated into the single word “world”. The word was kosmos, and it is defined in Strong's Concordance as an “orderly arrangement” but without knowing the historical etymology and common usage this definition by itself can be deceptive.

In Thayer's Greek Lexicon and "The Outline of Biblical Usage" [2] we see κόσμος [Kosmos] is primarily defined as:

  1. “an apt and harmonious arrangement or constitution, order, government.”[3]

The Kingdom of God was not of the world of Rome and Pontius Pilate but it is at hand. People need to change they way they think about that kingdom. It is not about going to a church and just loving those who love you.[4] It is about gathering and loving even those who hate us. That is repentance.

The Kingdom of God is the "harmonious arrangement or constitution, order, government" operating by faith, hope and charity by the perfect law of liberty according to the doctrines of Jesus.

Once we are willing to understand that the kingdom of God is now, here on this planet, for the living, in this world just not of the worlds like Rome our thinking about the gospel of the kingdom must change. That too is repentance.

We should be seeking the "harmonious arrangement" of the kingdom of God by striving[5] and persevering[6] to do what Christ commanded that the people should do.

To find the righteousness of God we need to seek His Holy Spirit by coming in the name of Christ, who came to serve not be served,[7] who came to set men free not impose heavy burdens upon the people,[8] who came to lay down his life that others might be saved.[9]


Jurisdiction of God and men

There is the "world" or "kosmos" of Cain, Nimrod, Egypt and Rome and there is the world of Christ, His kingdom of righteousness. One functions by the rule of force and fear and the other serves righteousness through freedom and faith.

Christians were not to be "of" the world of Rome but "in" it. Early followers of Christ knew what that meant because they understood the word "Kosmos". There seems to be an actual effort to avoid the true meaning of that word to evade the truth that the kingdom of God is actually at hand.

That "Kosmos"/world of Rome had become a system of covetous practices where the people were biting one another through the power of governments for personal benefits and gain which made the people human resources. Early Christians understood that and in their pursuit of the righteousness of Pure Religion and The Way of Christ the difference in what they did caused conflict and persecution.

In the 7th century BC the term "kosmos" was used in constitutions to describe the jurisdictional "office of magistrate".[10]

In the Greek and Roman view of the term Kosmos “... meant originally the discipline of an army, and next the ordered constitution of a state.”[11]

The word κόσμος came from the Greek “komizo” meaning “to care for, take care of, provide for” or “carry off what is one’s own.”

Kosmos did not mean planet, inhabitable place, or age. It had to do with courts, militias and armies organized to establish and maintain governments.



The Constitutional Law of Dreros

The Earliest Surviving Greek Law on Stone
(Circa 650 BCE – 600 BCE)

Meiggs & Lewis, A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the Fifth Century B.C. (1969) No. 2 (pp. 2-3 provide the following translation of the law:

"May God be kind (?). The city has thus decided; when a man has been kosmos, the same man shall not be kosmos again for ten years. If he does act as kosmos, whatever, judgements he gives, he shall owe double, and he shall lose his rights to office, as long as he lives, and whatever he does as kosmos shall be nothing. The swearers shall be the kosmos (.e. the body of kosmoi) and the damioi, and twenty of the city."

Meiggs & Lewis p. 3 provide the following technical commentary on the law:

"The law forbids the repeated tenure of the office of kosmos, presumably, as elsewhere in Crete, the chief magistracy, before ten years have elapsed. The provision is paralleled at Gortyn[12]... sixth century, and it has generally been explained there by the need to make a break in the financial and legal immunity of a magistrate. The length of time which has to elapse in Dreros, however, suggests strongly that the motive was rather to limit the possibilities of using the office as a stepping-stone to tyranny (the first editors) or to bolster the power of an individual family (Ehrenberg, Willets)."

Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2017.09.47

Reviewed by James Kierstead, Victoria University of Wellington

"The Gortyn Law Code mandates that an heiress can only marry someone outside her phylē[13] once she has exhausted all the options within it (col. 7.50-8.35). For Grote, this was to ensure a rotation of the powerful office of kosmos among all the city’s great families. The kosmos was rotated through the phylai, and the great families needed to be kept within their phylai if the system was not to be circumvented. The system eventually broke down in the fourth century, probably because the phylai were never equal in power, and the most powerful phylai came to find waiting for office intolerable. The Gortynian phylai also sent members to a Council."
"The situation at Dreros is less clear, but a seventh-century inscription (Koerner no. 91) contains the phrase πόλι ἔϝαδε διαλήσασι πυλᾶσι, ‘the city decided after consulting the phylai.’ Grote takes this to imply that representatives from each phylē met in a deliberative Council, which he identifies with the ‘Twenty of the polis’ mentioned in the famous inscription limiting iteration of the office of kosmos (ML 2)."



Footnotes

  1. John 19:13 When Pilate therefore heard that saying, he brought Jesus forth, and sat down in the judgment seat in a place that is called the Pavement, but in the Hebrew, Gabbatha.
  2. [The Outline of Biblical Usage was created by Larry Pierce], creator of the Online Bible, and is used with permission. For further information on this tool...Larry Pierce combined what Dr. Strong cited with Smith's Bible Dictionary and Dr. Thayer cited in his abridged Thayer's 1889 Greek-English Lexicon. It is keyed to Kittel's “Theological Dictionary of the New Testament.” This resulted in the Greek Definitions module for the Online Bible [OLB] Concordance, Winterbourne, Ontario, Canada. Online Bible Software.
  3. https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G2889&t=KJV
  4. Luke 6:32 For if ye love them which love you, what thank have ye? for sinners also love those that love them.
  5. Luke 13:24 Strive to enter in at the strait gate: for many, I say unto you, will seek to enter in, and shall not be able.
  6. Ephesians 6:18 Praying always with all prayer and supplication in the Spirit, and watching thereunto with all perseverance and supplication for all saints;
    Luke 9:62 And Jesus said unto him, No man, having put his hand to the plough, and looking back, is fit for the kingdom of God.
  7. Luke 22:27 For whether [is] greater, he that sitteth at meat, or he that serveth? [is] not he that sitteth at meat? but I am among you as he that serveth.
    Luke 15:19 And am no more worthy to be called thy son: make me as one of thy hired servants.
    Luke 16:13 No servant can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon.:
    John 12:26 If any man serve me, let him follow me; and where I am, there shall also my servant be: if any man serve me, him will [my] Father honour.
  8. Matthew 23:4 For they bind heavy burdens and grievous to be borne, and lay them on men’s shoulders; but they themselves will not move them with one of their fingers.
    Isaiah 58:6 Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?
  9. John 15:13 Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends.
    John 10:15 As the Father knoweth me, even so know I the Father: and I lay down my life for the sheep. 16 And other sheep I have, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall hear my voice; and there shall be one fold, and one shepherd. 17 Therefore doth my Father love me, because I lay down my life, that I might take it again. 18 No man taketh it from me, but I lay it down of myself. I have power to lay it down, and I have power to take it again. This commandment have I received of my Father. 19 ¶ There was a division therefore again among the Jews for these sayings.
  10. “For example, a very early constitutional inscription shows that 7th-century Drerus on Crete prohibited tenure of the office of kosmos—a local magistracy—until 10 years had elapsed since a man’s last tenure.) That is a refreshing approach and surely contains some truth. “ The Later Archaic Periods, The rise of the tyrants https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece/The-later-Archaic-periods
  11. John Burnet's Early Greek Philosophy: Section A: Introduction
  12. Gortyn is an archaeological site on the Mediterranean island of Crete
  13. Phyle is an ancient Greek term for clan or tribe. They were usually ruled by a basileus. Some of them can be classified by their geographic location: the Geleontes, the Argadeis, the Hopletes, and the Agikoreis, in Ionia; the Hylleans, the Pamphyles, the Dymanes, in the Dorian region.